What is Peripheral Artery Disease?

3 Common Conditions a Vascular Clinic Can Treat

Mon, 08 Dec 2025 16:43:27 GMT

Our vascular system is responsible for transporting blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body. When issues arise in this system, they can lead to serious complications if left untreated. A vascular clinic specializes in diagnosing and treating a wide range of circulatory problems. Whether you’re experiencing symptoms or simply want a preventative check-up, understanding the conditions vascular centers treat can help you take control of your health. Explore three common conditions that vascular centers often manage, helping patients maintain optimal vascular health.

1. Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

Peripheral arterial disease occurs when arteries in the legs and arms become narrowed or blocked, reducing blood flow to the extremities. Symptoms can include leg pain while walking, numbness, or slow-healing wounds. Vascular clinics can diagnose PAD using imaging tests and provide treatments ranging from lifestyle modifications and medications to minimally invasive procedures like angioplasty. Early detection and management are crucial to prevent more serious complications, such as tissue loss or the need for amputation.

2. Carotid and Aortic Issues

Carotid arterial disease involves the narrowing of the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain, increasing the risk of stroke. Similarly, an abdominal aortic aneurysm is a dangerous enlargement of the aorta that can rupture if untreated. Vascular specialists use advanced imaging techniques to detect these conditions early. Treatments may include surgical repair, stenting, or close monitoring, depending on the severity of the condition. Addressing these issues promptly can save lives and prevent major cardiovascular events.

3. Venous Disease

Venous disease encompasses conditions like varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency, and deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which occurs when blood clots form in the deep veins. According to the National Institute of Health, one in five people experiences venous insufficiency. Symptoms can include swelling, pain, or skin changes in the legs. Vascular centers provide expert evaluation and treatment, including medications, compression therapy, and minimally invasive procedures to restore healthy blood flow and prevent complications such as pulmonary embolism.

Visiting a vascular center is a proactive step in protecting your circulatory health. From peripheral arterial disease and carotid or aortic conditions to venous disorders like DVT, vascular specialists offer targeted diagnosis, treatment, and preventative care. Don’t wait for symptoms to worsen—consulting a vascular clinic can help maintain healthy blood flow and support long-term wellness.

Schedule a visit with Arizona Endovascular Center, a reliable vascular clinic , for quality care. Protect your vascular health before problems arise.

3 Signs You Have an Undiagnosed Vascular Disease

Wed, 12 Nov 2025 19:48:01 GMT

Vascular diseases encompass a range of conditions that affect the blood vessels in our bodies. These conditions often go unnoticed until they progress to more severe stages, making early detection vital for effective treatment. Vascular diseases not only impact circulation but can also lead to severe health complications if left undiagnosed. For many individuals, timely consultation with a specialist in vascular surgery can make a significant difference in preventing complications and improving long-term outcomes.

1. Leg Pain or Cramping During Activity

First on the list is the presence of leg pain or cramping that occurs during physical activities, such as walking, but subsides with rest. This symptom, known as claudication, might indicate peripheral artery disease (PAD) — a common vascular condition. Due to the narrowed arteries that restrict blood flow, people constantly experience discomfort in their legs when they move. If you notice such symptoms regularly, it's crucial to seek a medical evaluation to determine the underlying cause. In some cases, treatment options may include lifestyle adjustments, medications, or vascular surgery to restore proper blood flow and alleviate discomfort.

2. Swelling in the Legs, Ankles, or Feet

Swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet might also point to an undiagnosed vascular condition. This swelling can be a result of blood pooling in the lower extremities, a common sign of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). CVI occurs when the veins in the legs fail to return blood efficiently to the heart, causing pain, heaviness, and visible varicose veins. Being among the 40 million Americans who may have a vascular disease, according to Vascular.org, means staying alert to such changes and understanding when to consult a healthcare provider. For advanced cases, vascular surgery may be recommended to repair damaged veins or improve circulation.

3. Skin Discoloration or Non-Healing Wounds

An often-overlooked sign of vascular disease is the appearance of skin changes, such as discoloration or the development of wounds that do not heal, specifically on your legs and feet. Reduced blood flow impairs the skin's ability to heal, making infections more likely and serious over time. Monitoring your skin's health can be a key indicator of underlying vascular issues that need attention.

Recognizing the signs of vascular disease plays a crucial role in ensuring timely intervention and treatment. By being aware of leg pain, swelling, and skin changes, you take essential steps towards safeguarding your vascular health. With advancements in vascular surgery and medical care, patients now have more options than ever to maintain healthy circulation and prevent serious complications. Contact Arizona Endovascular Center today to learn more.

What to Expect From a Local Vascular Clinic

Mon, 21 Apr 2025 16:41:42 GMT

Visiting a local vascular clinic for the first time can be an intimidating experience. However, understanding what to expect can help ease any anxiety and ensure that you make the most of your appointment. Vascular clinics specialize in diagnosing and treating disorders of the circulatory system, which includes arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels. By knowing what services are offered and how they are provided, you can arrive prepared and informed, ready to take charge of your vascular health.

Receive a Comprehensive Evaluation and Diagnosis

One key aspect of a visit to a vascular clinic is a comprehensive evaluation and diagnosis. Vascular specialists utilize various diagnostic tools and tests to assess your circulatory health. These may include ultrasounds, blood tests, and other non-invasive procedures designed to provide a detailed view of your vascular system's condition. This thorough assessment allows specialists to accurately diagnose any issues and tailor a treatment plan that best suits your individual needs.

Offer Various Treatment Options

Once a diagnosis is made, vascular clinics offer numerous treatment options tailored to address specific vascular conditions. Treatment may range from lifestyle modifications and medication management to minimally invasive procedures and surgical interventions. According to Rentech, there are over 11,000 vascular surgeons in the United States, highlighting the availability of specialized care across the country. Having access to experienced professionals increases the likelihood of positive outcomes, as these experts are well-versed in the latest advancements and techniques in vascular care.

Consider Follow-Up Care

Patient education and follow-up care are integral components of the services offered by vascular clinics. During your visit, you can expect the healthcare team to provide detailed information about your condition, treatment options, and strategies for maintaining vascular health. Regular follow-up appointments allow for ongoing monitoring of your condition and adjustments to treatment as needed. Engaging with your vascular care team helps foster a collaborative approach, empowering you to take an active role in managing your health.

A local vascular clinic offers comprehensive evaluation, personalized treatment, and ongoing support for managing vascular conditions. By understanding what to expect from these specialized services, you can approach your visit with confidence. With the expertise of skilled vascular surgeons and a focus on patient education, these clinics provide crucial resources for maintaining your circulatory health and improving your quality of life. If you're looking for a local vascular clinic, contact or visit Arizona Endovascular Center today.

Leg Swelling and Pain: When to Seek Medical Help for a Possible Blood Clot

Thu, 27 Mar 2025 03:45:00 GMT

Don't Ignore the Signs: How to Recognize a Blood Clot in Your Leg

Leg swelling and pain can be caused by a variety of factors, but when should you consider it a potential sign of a blood clot? Understanding the warning signs can help you take timely action.

Signs That Your Leg Swelling Might Be Due to a Blood Clot:

Swelling that occurs suddenly and is localized to one leg
Pain that feels like cramping or soreness
Skin that appears red or feels warm to the touch

When to Seek Medical Help : If you experience persistent swelling, pain, or any of the above symptoms, it’s essential to seek medical evaluation promptly. Untreated blood clots can lead to serious complications such as pulmonary embolism.

What to Expect During Evaluation:

Physical examination
Ultrasound imaging to detect clot presence
Blood tests to assess clotting risk

Arizona Endovascular Center offers expert diagnosis and minimally invasive treatments to address blood clots and ensure optimal vascular health.

How to Reduce Your Risk of Blood Clots: Practical Tips for Everyday Life

Sun, 09 Mar 2025 03:24:42 GMT

Preventing blood clots is essential for maintaining good vascular health and avoiding complications such as DVT and PE. Fortunately, there are simple lifestyle changes you can adopt to lower your risk.

Stay Active: Regular movement helps keep blood flowing and prevents clot formation. If you have a sedentary job, take breaks to stretch and walk.

Maintain a Healthy Diet : Incorporate foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, and antioxidants to support circulation and overall heart health.

Stay Hydrated: Proper hydration helps maintain optimal blood viscosity and reduces the risk of clot formation.

Know Your Risk Factors: If you have a history of DVT, are pregnant, or have underlying health conditions, consult with a specialist to develop a personalized prevention plan.

Arizona Endovascular Center is here to help you take proactive steps to reduce your risk of blood clots and improve your vascular health.

Pulmonary Embolism: Recognizing the Silent Threat

Sun, 09 Mar 2025 03:14:32 GMT

A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot, usually from a deep vein in the leg, travels to the lungs and blocks blood flow. PE is a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate medical attention.

Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism:

Sudden shortness of breath
Chest pain, especially when breathing deeply
Rapid heart rate
Coughing up blood
Dizziness or fainting

Who is at Risk?
Individuals with deep vein thrombosis (DVT), recent surgery, prolonged immobility, or certain medical conditions are at a higher risk for developing PE.

Prevention and Treatment:

Early detection of DVT is key to preventing PE
Blood thinners and clot-busting medications
Lifestyle changes, such as staying active and hydrated

At Arizona Endovascular Center , we provide cutting-edge treatments to help patients manage their vascular health and prevent serious complications like PE.

Choosing the Right Local Vascular Clinic

Wed, 19 Feb 2025 15:53:47 GMT

When it comes to vascular health, selecting the right clinic is crucial for ensuring optimal care and treatment. Vascular diseases affect the body's intricate network of blood vessels, requiring specialized knowledge and skills for proper management. Whether it's for routine check-ups or addressing more serious concerns, the right vascular clinic can make a significant difference in patient outcomes. In this post, we'll explore some essential factors to consider when choosing a local vascular clinic.

Assess Qualifications and Expertise

First and foremost, it's important to assess the qualifications and experience of the vascular specialists at the clinic. According to Rentech, there are over 11,000 vascular surgeons in the United States, indicating a broad pool of expertise. This abundance allows patients to find specialists who not only possess the necessary qualifications but also have significant experience in handling complex vascular conditions. Ensuring that your chosen clinic has board-certified specialists who prioritize ongoing education and training can enhance the quality of care you receive.

Consider Location and Accessibility

Location and accessibility should also be considered, as ongoing vascular care often requires frequent visits to the clinic. Opting for a nearby clinic can save you time and reduce the stress associated with traveling, making it easier to adhere to scheduled appointments and follow-up visits. Additionally, clinics that offer comprehensive services, such as diagnostic testing, outpatient procedures, and rehabilitation under one roof, can provide the convenience and continuity that are essential for effective vascular health management.

Consider Reviews and Testimonials

Lastly, patient reviews and testimonials can provide valuable insights into the quality of care offered by a vascular clinic. In the digital age, it's easier than ever to access real patient feedback regarding their experiences with specific clinics and specialists. Pay attention to recurring themes in reviews, such as staff professionalism, wait times, and patients' overall satisfaction. This feedback can help you gauge what you might expect from your own experience at the clinic, giving you confidence in your decision.

Choosing the right local vascular clinic involves careful consideration of several key factors. By focusing on the credentials and experience of the clinicians, the location and range of services, and patient feedback, you can make an informed choice that aligns with your healthcare needs. Taking these steps will not only contribute to better vascular health but also ensure a more pleasant and efficient healthcare experience overall. If you're looking for a local vascular clinic, contact Arizona Endovascular Center today!

The Connection Between Heart Health and Vascular Health

Mon, 10 Feb 2025 14:50:26 GMT

At Arizona EndoVascular Center, we believe that the heart and blood vessels are intricately connected, with one’s vascular health directly impacting heart health. Understanding the vital relationship between these systems is essential to maintaining overall well-being.

The circulatory system comprises the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. When your blood vessels are compromised by conditions such as atherosclerosis (plaque buildup), varicose veins , or other vascular diseases, the heart works harder to circulate blood throughout the body. Over time, this can lead to heart failure, strokes, or heart attacks.

Key factors that affect both heart and vascular health include high blood pressure, smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise, and diabetes. These risk factors can damage blood vessels, leading to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Taking proactive steps to maintain your vascular health through regular exercise, a balanced diet, and routine checkups can help prevent complications and promote heart health. Regular screenings at Arizona EndoVascular Center can catch early signs of vascular issues before they worsen, ensuring that both your heart and vascular systems stay in top condition.

Managing Varicose Veins in Cold Weather: What You Need to Know

Thu, 06 Feb 2025 14:32:15 GMT

As the temperatures drop, those with varicose veins may notice an increase in discomfort. Cold weather can exacerbate symptoms, but there are steps you can take to manage varicose veins and reduce symptoms.

Here’s how to manage varicose veins during colder months:

Layer Up – While staying warm is important, be mindful of wearing tight clothing that can restrict blood flow. Opt for loose, comfortable layers that allow circulation to move freely.
Keep Moving – Cold weather can make people want to stay indoors, but regular movement is crucial for promoting good circulation. Aim for gentle exercises like walking or stretching to keep blood flowing to your legs.
Use Compression Stockings – These special stockings provide gentle pressure to support the veins and improve circulation, helping to reduce swelling and discomfort in cold weather.
Moisturize – Cold, dry air can irritate the skin around your veins. Regularly moisturizing your skin can reduce dryness and improve comfort.
Elevate Your Legs – If you’re spending time inside, take breaks to elevate your legs above your heart to reduce swelling and promote better circulation.

If cold weather is causing significant discomfort, don’t hesitate to reach out to Arizona EndoVascular Center for advice on more advanced treatment options to alleviate symptoms.

Arizona Endovascular Center and Dr. Sara McKeever Successfully Implant Abbott’s New Dissolvable Stent for Patients with Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia (CLTI) Below-the-Knee (BTK)

Mon, 03 Feb 2025 14:37:21 GMT

Arizona Endovascular Center, led by Dr. Sara McKeever, proudly announces the successful implantation of Abbott’s Esprit™ BTK Everolimus Eluting Resorbable Scaffold System (Esprit™ BTK System) , a groundbreaking dissolvable stent designed for patients suffering from chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) below-the-knee (BTK). Approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in April 2024, the Esprit BTK System offers new hope for individuals facing the most severe form of peripheral artery disease (PAD).

The Esprit BTK System is an innovative bioresorbable scaffold designed to support the artery during the critical healing process. It delivers the drug everolimus to aid vessel healing before gradually dissolving, leaving behind a naturally functioning artery. Composed of materials similar to dissolving sutures, the scaffold is implanted through a minimally invasive, catheter-based procedure. It provides crucial support to the artery until it can maintain its own structural integrity.

“The FDA’s approval of the Esprit BTK System represents a significant advancement in below-the-knee therapy,” said Dr. Sara McKeever . “This new treatment option not only supports healing but also reduces the risk of long-term complications. We are excited to offer our patients the latest technological innovations to address chronic limb-threatening ischemia and improve their quality of life.”

Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is a severe form of PAD that occurs when arteries become obstructed with plaque, preventing adequate blood flow and oxygen from reaching the lower leg and foot. PAD affects over 20 million people in the U.S., yet only 10% of cases are diagnosed. The disease disproportionately impacts Black and Hispanic communities, with nearly 1 in 3 Black adults and 1 in 5 Hispanic adults developing PAD.

Arizona Endovascular Center remains committed to pioneering advanced treatments for PAD and improving patient outcomes with state-of-the-art technology like the Esprit BTK System.

How Vascular Clinics Treat Varicose Veins

Tue, 19 Nov 2024 15:58:57 GMT

Varicose veins are more than just a cosmetic issue; they can cause significant discomfort and even lead to severe health complications if left untreated. Most often seen in the legs, varicose veins are swollen and twisted due to weakened valves that disrupt normal blood flow. Fortunately, vascular clinics offer specialized treatments to manage these symptoms and reduce the risks associated with varicose veins. Below are some effective methods used by specialists in vascular clinics to treat this common vascular condition.

Sclerotherapy: A Minimally Invasive Option

One of the most widely used treatments in vascular clinics for varicose veins is sclerotherapy. This procedure involves injecting a solution directly into the affected veins, causing them to scar and collapse. As a result, blood flow reroutes through healthier veins, which improves both the vein's appearance and reduces discomfort. Sclerotherapy is particularly effective for treating smaller varicose veins and spider veins. As a minimally invasive treatment, sclerotherapy allows patients to resume their daily activities shortly after the procedure, making it a convenient option.

Microphlebectomy: A Reliable Solution for Larger Veins

For slightly larger varicose veins, many vascular clinics recommend microphlebectomy. This procedure involves making tiny incisions to remove the problematic vein. As it only requires small punctures that rarely need stitches, microphlebectomy is minimally invasive and offers patients long-term relief with minimal recovery time. This option is ideal for those seeking effective treatment with lasting results and little downtime.

Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA): Advanced Treatment for Severe Cases

Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) is an advanced treatment designed for larger or more severe varicose veins. In RFA, a thin catheter is inserted into the vein, delivering radiofrequency energy to heat and close off the affected vein. This procedure has proven to be highly effective, with a shorter recovery time than more invasive surgical options. Additionally, according to the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), untreated varicose veins can increase the risk of falls, contributing to more than 2 million fall injuries related to flooring issues each year, underscoring the importance of timely intervention.

Thanks to advancements in medical technology, treatment for varicose veins has become more effective and accessible. From sclerotherapy to microphlebectomy and radiofrequency ablation, vascular clinics offer various tailored solutions to manage varicose veins and their symptoms. If you’re experiencing discomfort due to varicose veins, seeking professional care can be a proactive step toward improved vascular health and well-being. Contact Arizona Endovascular Center today to schedule a consultation and explore your treatment options. Contact us today!

What to Consider When Deciding If Vascular Surgery Is Right for You

Tue, 24 Sep 2024 14:14:15 GMT

Dealing with vascular issues can be a challenging experience, often requiring specialized medical attention. Vascular surgery is a vital option for those facing severe or non-responsive vascular conditions. Whether it's chronic venous insufficiency or arterial blockages, understanding if this route suits your needs is crucial. Let's explore the factors that can help you decide if vascular surgery is the right choice for you.

Your Vascular Condition

Vascular surgery is typically recommended for patients who have chronic or severe vascular conditions. For example, individuals suffering from venous insufficiency might need surgical intervention to improve blood flow and alleviate symptoms. According to the National Institute of Health, 20% of the population suffers from venous insufficiency, indicating that a significant number of people may benefit from vascular surgery. If medications and non-surgical treatments have failed, surgery could be your next step towards relief.

Your Overall Health

Before opting for vascular surgery, it's essential to consider your overall health and medical history. Patients who have other significant health issues such as diabetes, heart disease, or severe varicose veins might be better candidates for surgery. The presence of one or more of these conditions can complicate vascular problems, making surgical intervention more beneficial. Consulting with a vascular specialist will provide insights tailored to your specific health needs.

The Progress of Your Symptoms

As you may know, the progression of symptoms plays a pivotal role in determining suitability for vascular surgery. If you experience persistent pain, swelling, or skin changes in your legs, these could be signs of advanced vascular disease. In such scenarios, surgery might be necessary to prevent further complications and improve your quality of life. Early intervention can sometimes prevent the progression of symptoms, making surgery a timely and effective solution. Consulting with a vascular specialist will help determine the best course of action for your individual situation.

Deciding to undergo vascular surgery is a significant one that requires careful consideration of your symptoms, overall health, and the effectiveness of prior treatments. By consulting with a vascular specialist, you can gain a comprehensive understanding of your condition and the best possible treatment options. Remember, the primary goal is to enhance your quality of life and alleviate the discomfort and risks associated with vascular diseases. Contact Arizona Endovascular Center today to schedule an appointment.

The Importance of Choosing a Vascular Surgeon for Vein Treatment

Mon, 22 Apr 2024 16:24:56 GMT

Choosing Excellence: Why Vascular Surgeons Lead the Way in Vein Treatment

Living with varicose veins can be painful and frustrating, affecting both our physical comfort and our self-confidence. Fortunately, modern medicine offers effective treatments for these vein issues , but the key to successful treatment lies in choosing the right healthcare professional. When it comes to addressing vein problems, opting for a vascular surgeon can make all the difference.

Here's why:

Specialized Expertise: Vascular surgeons are specialists with extensive training and expertise in diagnosing and treating conditions that affect the blood vessels, including veins. Their focused knowledge allows them to accurately assess your vein issues and provide targeted treatment strategies.

Comprehensive Evaluation: Vascular surgeons approach vein treatment with a thorough understanding of the entire vascular system. When you consult with a vascular surgeon, they will conduct a comprehensive evaluation to not only address your immediate vein concerns but also consider any underlying vascular conditions that may contribute to your symptoms.

Tailored Treatment Plans : Vein problems vary from person to person, requiring personalized treatment approaches. Vascular surgeons excel in creating customized treatment plans that address your unique needs and preferences. Whether you require minimally invasive procedures like sclerotherapy or vein ablation or more complex interventions, a vascular surgeon can tailor a plan that suits you best.

Advanced Techniques: Vascular surgeons are at the forefront of minimally invasive techniques for vein treatment. These innovative approaches offer numerous benefits, including reduced recovery times, minimal scarring, and lower risks of complications. By choosing a vascular surgeon, you can access the latest advancements in vein treatment technology for optimal results.

Long-Term Care : Vein treatment doesn't end with the procedure itself. Follow-up care is crucial for monitoring your progress and ensuring the effectiveness of treatment. Vascular surgeons are committed to providing comprehensive, long-term care to their patients, offering support and guidance throughout the recovery process.

Peace of Mind: Entrusting your vein treatment to a vascular surgeon provides peace of mind knowing that you are in the hands of a skilled and experienced specialist. Vascular surgeons adhere to stringent standards of patient care and safety, prioritizing your well-being at every step of the treatment journey.

Don't let varicose veins hold you back any longer. Take the first step towards healthier veins by scheduling a consultation with experienced vascular surgeons.

Our team at Arizona Endovascular Center specializes in diagnosing and treating vascular diseases, including abdominal aortic disease, renal arterial disease, and carotid arterial disease. With state-of-the-art technology and personalized care, we're dedicated to helping you achieve optimal vascular health and preventing the possibility of strokes or aneurysms. Make your appointment today and start your journey towards healthier, happier veins. Your vascular health matters, and we're here to help you every step of the way.

PTAB with DETOUR System: A New Treatment Option for Patients with Complex Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) Now Available

Mon, 25 Mar 2024 16:00:00 GMT

PTAB with DETOUR System

Arizona EndsoVascular Center is committed to providing patients with the latest and most innovative treatments for Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) . We are excited to announce that we now offer Percutaneous Transmural Arterial Bypass (PTAB) using the DETOUR System, an innovative percutaneous therapy designed specifically for long complex femoropopliteal disease.

PAD is a circulatory problem caused by blockages in the arteries, which can lead to a reduction in the flow of oxygenated blood to your body, particularly in your lower limbs. If left untreated, PAD can cause pain, loss of mobility, sores on your legs, feet or toes, and in severe cases, amputation.

PTAB with the DETOUR System provides an innovative alternative option that is minimally invasive and offers fast recovery times. PTAB with the DETOUR System is a minimally invasive approach that utilizes endovascular techniques and the patient’s own vasculature to create a bypass around the diseased area.

During the PTAB, your doctor will implant stent grafts that will pass through the arterial wall, into the adjacent vein, and back into the artery. The bypass created with the stent grafts will re-direct blood around the blockage to increase flow.

Our team of experienced physicians and healthcare professionals is dedicated to delivering the highest quality patient care and providing our patients with the best possible outcomes.

For more information about PTAB using the DETOUR System and if you’re a candidate for this therapy, call us to schedule a consultation so that you may talk to your doctor to review the risks and benefits of this therapy.

Data source

AHA Statistical Update. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2022 Update: Summary. Circulation.2022;

145:e153–e639. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001052

What is Peripheral Artery Disease?

Fri, 22 Mar 2024 15:55:46 GMT

What causes peripheral artery disease?

Peripheral artery disease (PAD), also referred to as peripheral vascular disease (PVD) or hardening of the arteries, results from the build-up of plaque inside the lining of arteries. Arteries are the high pressure tubes that bring blood from your heart down your legs. Over time, plaque can form on the lining of these blood vessels and lead to blockages or decreased blood flow.

What causes peripheral artery disease?

Smoking and nicotine use
Diabetes with high blood sugar, especially in patients who also have high cholesterol
PAD can be more prevalent the older we get
Elevated blood pressure, also called hypertension
Genetics can play a role as well! If your family members have had issues with atherosclerosis (PAD) you are more likely to as well

Several factors are considered to increase the risk of developing PAD; they include family history of heart attacks or strokes, increased age (>50 years), overweight, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, and past history of coronary heart disease, heart attack or stroke.

What are the symptoms of peripheral artery disease?

PVD in the legs is characterized by two primary symptoms:

Claudication

Claudication literally means “to limp”. It is most commonly described as a dull, cramping type of pain in the calf muscles, thighs or hips. The pain appears while walking or climbing up the stairs and goes away after rest, but slowly with time, they may appear quickly with little exercise and feeling of numbness is also felt in the feet during rest.

Critical Limb Ischemia

This presents as pain in your legs even without walking or exercise. This is a symptom of advanced peripheral artery disease and occurs due to the lack of oxygen to your legs when at rest. Leg ischemia is also associated with sores or wounds on the feet or legs that do not heal or heal slowly.

How is peripheral artery disease diagnosed?

When you present to your vascular surgeon’s office with any of these symptoms, your doctor will perform a thorough examination of your medical and family histories and conduct a physical examination including checking for weak or absent pulses. Your doctor may order some of the following diagnostic tests to confirm PAD:

Ankle-brachial index (ABI): compares the blood pressure of your ankle to the blood pressure in the arm (they should be the same!).
Doppler ultrasound: checks for a blocked artery, where blood flow through the artery is determined. It also helps in determining the severity of PVD.
Treadmill test: selectively used to determine the severity of symptoms and monitors the level of exercise that elicits the symptoms
CT Angiogram (CTA): A special type of cat scan that can provide a detailed image of the arteries anywhere in the body. It can detect the location of the blockage in a blood vessel.

How is peripheral artery disease treated?

Vascular Surgery is the only specialty that is uniquely qualified to provide all treatment options for peripheral arterial disease. At Arizona Endovascular Center you will be seen and evaluated by only board-certified vascular surgeons.

Based on these diagnostic tests, your vascular surgeon will plan the best treatment for your condition. The goals of PVD treatment are to reduce symptoms, improve quality of life and to prevent complications. The treatment for PVD includes lifestyle changes, medical management, endovascular treatment or surgery.

Lifestyle changes

Your surgeon will encourage you to quit smoking. Smoking increases your risk of PAD by four times! Walk regularly and be physically active. Get your blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar level monitored regularly to avoid the risk of stroke, heart diseases and death.

Endovascular Procedures

Angiogram: Angiogram is both diagnostic and therapeutic. Your surgeon will use contrast dye (often less than a CT scan) to determine precisely where your disease is. They utilize multiple different methods to restore blood flow. These include angioplasty, atherectomy, or stenting. Angioplasty is a procedure performed to restore blood flow through a blocked artery. It involves the passage of a catheter with a deflated balloon at its tip into a blocked artery. The balloon is then inflated to displace the plaque outwards. This restores the blood flow by widening the artery. Atherectomy is a procedure in which a catheter with a small cutting device is passed into the blocked artery. This device breaks up the plaque into bits, which are washed away with the bloodstream or through the catheter. In addition, a stent may be placed in the artery to keep it open after angioplasty is done. This procedure is typically done as an outpatient.

Surgery

Bypass grafting: This surgery is performed when the blood flow to your leg is totally blocked and is not amenable to endovascular intervention. In this procedure, a graft is placed to bypass the blood flow around the blockage. This surgery is exclusively performed by vascular surgeons.

What Is Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?

Fri, 22 Mar 2024 15:52:56 GMT

Understand Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is when a blood clot forms in a deep vein. These clots usually form in the lower leg, thigh, or pelvis, but they can also occur in the arm. Sometimes the DVT will break off and go to the lungs. This is called a pulmonary embolism (PE).

Cancer patients, especially cancer patients who are receiving chemotherapy, have a much higher risk of DVT than other people. Patients with brain, pancreatic, stomach, and lung cancers are at the highest risk.

What Raises the Risk of DVT?

Some things can raise your risk of getting a blood clot in a deep vein. For cancer patients, the most common risk factors are—

Injury to a vein during major surgery.
Slow blood flow. Staying in bed for a long time can cause this.
Having a catheter in a central vein. As many as half of cancer patients with a central venous catheter for long-term chemotherapy get DVT.
Getting older.
Having obesity.

How Can I Lower My Risk for DVT?

Before getting surgery or having a catheter placed in a central vein, ask your doctor about medicine to lower your chance of getting a blood clot. This medicine is called an anticoagulant or blood thinner.

Wear compression stockings (tight-fitting socks or stockings) to improve blood flow in your legs.

What Are the Symptoms of DVT?

About half of people with DVT have no symptoms at all. The most common symptoms of DVT are:

Swelling.
Pain.
Tenderness.
Redness of the skin.
Skin redness or discoloration

If you have any of these symptoms, call your doctor right away.

What Health Problems Can DVT Cause?

Pulmonary Embolism (PE) - Part of a blood clot in a vein (DVT) can travel through the bloodstream to the lungs. This is known as a pulmonary embolism (PE). People can recover from this if the clot is small and they get the right treatment. But a large clot can stop blood from reaching the lungs, causing death. This is the leading cause of death in people with cancer after the cancer itself.

A pulmonary embolism can cause—

Trouble breathing.
A fast or irregular heartbeat.
Chest pain that usually gets worse if you cough or take a deep breath.
Coughing up blood.
Low blood pressure, lightheadedness, or fainting.

A test called a CT scan, or CAT scan, may be used to find a pulmonary embolism. As many as half of all PEs in cancer patients are found in this way.

Seek immediate medical attention if you experience any of these signs of a blood clot in your lung.

Post-Thrombotic Syndrome

Nearly one-third of people who get a DVT will have long-lasting health problems as a result. This is called post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). PTS can cause swelling, pain, darkening or redness of the skin, and other problems. It makes the skin prone to infection (cellulitis), which can spread to the bloodstream, causing sepsis and death.

Note: DVT (a blood clot in a vein) does not usually cause a heart attack or a stroke, as it occurs in a vein. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body. A blood clot in an artery, called arterial thrombosis, can cause heart attacks or strokes.

Vascular Surgery Treatment of DVT

Venous Thrombectomy

Venous thrombectomy is the surgical removal of a vein clot. This procedure is most commonly used to treat DVT when the large vein that drains the leg, called the iliac vein, is involved. This procedure is rarely performed in the United States.

Who is Eligible?

Patients with an acute clot in the leg veins are eligible for venous thrombectomy.

Pre-Treatment Guidelines:

When a physician suspects DVT, he or she may order duplex ultrasound or venography.

What to Expect

A vascular surgeon performs thrombectomy in a hospital operating room. Just before the procedure begins, the patient is given an intravenous (through the vein) blood thinning agent called heparin.

The physician inserts a catheter sheath (short tube) through a small incision in the femoral vein in the groin or the popliteal vein below the knee. Contrast dye is injected through the sheath and venography is performed, allowing the physician to see the area of the vein being treated on an x ray screen.

For a percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy, the physician inserts a guide wire through the sheath in the femoral vein, advances the wire past the clot. There are multiple devices available for your surgeon to perform mechanical or aspiration thrombectomy.

The procedure takes approximately 1 to 2 hours.

Post-Procedure Guidelines and Care

After the procedure, compression bandages are applied to the leg to reduce swelling. For up to 6 hours after the procedure, the patient may be asked to walk for 15 minutes, then rest for 45 minutes, and repeat.

The patient is fitted with compression stockings after any leg swelling has subsided. Intravenous heparin is given during the recovery period to prevent blood clots.

The patient should notify his or her physician immediately if he or she notices any of the following symptoms of excessive bleeding:

Blood in urine or stools;
Nosebleeds;
Unusual bruising or bleeding from cuts or wounds;
Unusually heavy or unexpected menstrual bleeding;
Abdominal or stomach pain or swelling;
Back pain or backaches; and
Coughing up blood.

Potential Complications

Venous thrombectomy is controversial because it has been associated with repeat clotting. Other complications for treatment of DVT include:

Pulmonary embolism;
Post-thrombotic syndrome;
Phlegmasia cerulea dolens;
Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage); and
Stroke.